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Event Study Market Model Calculator

Event Study and Market Model Calculator

Event studies find wide application in research in the fields of finance, economics and law. In finance and economics research, event studies are employed to investigate the effects of announcements of events such as changes in regulations, shocks in the macroeconomic environment, or company initiatives on stock prices or firm value. Event studies may, for example, be used to investigate the effects of board reforms, compensation, workplace safety, changes in taxation, pandemics, dividends and repurchases, equity and debt issuance, or mergers and acquisitions on stock prices. In the field of law, event studies have been used to determine damages in legal liability cases. Are you looking for event study help, market model help, event study help example, market model help example, or event study market model calculator? If so, you have every reason to read on.

Event studies in the field of finance and economics often involve calculating statistics such as stock or security returns, market returns, expected returns, Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs), Averaged Cumulative Abnormal Return (ACAR), Average Abnormal Returns (AAR) (alternatively called averaged abnormal returns), and Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR). Stock returns and market returns can be computed using the simple formula or with compounding (using natural log). Calculating the aforementioned characteristics or statistics can be made easier and faster with the help of an event study market model calculator.

Simple formula for calculating stock returns:

Event Study Market Model Calculator

Formula for calculating stock returns with compounding

Event Study Market Model Calculator

In event study theory, the market model among other models are applied towards determining the expected return based on the efficient market hypothesis. The other models that are commonly used to determine the expected return include the mean adjusted return model, the market adjusted returns model, the market model with Scholes-Williams beta estimation, the market model with GARCH(1, 1) and EGARCH(1, 1) error estimation, the Fama-French 3 Factor Model, and the Fama-French-Momentum 4 Factor Model. The market model, which apparently is the most commonly used model, is sometimes referred to as the Risk-Adjusted Returns Model (since it takes into account market risk), the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) market model (Fama et al., 1969), the classic market model, the usual market model, or the basic market model.

The market model suggests that the return on stock i at time t is solely influenced by the market return at time t. When using the market model, expected returns are predicted through an OLS regression analysis that regresses stock returns on market returns (usually returns on a market index) over a predetermined estimation window. The relationship between the stock and the reference or benchmark index that has been used in the analysis is described by two parameters derived from the regression analysis: alpha (α) and beta (β). Alpha and beta are computed using data relating to the estimation period.

The expected return, E(R_it|Xt), is predicted using the model:

𝑬(𝑹_𝒊𝒕|_𝑿𝒕 ) = 𝜶_𝒊 + 𝜷_𝒊(𝑹_𝒎𝒕) +𝜺𝒊_𝒕

Where α and β are constants in the OLS regression model for i stock,

R_mt is the rate of return on the reference index (such as the FTSE 100, FTSE 250, FTSE All-Share, NYSE Composite (DJ), NYSE U.S. 100) on day t,

ε_itis the error term.

Calculate Expected returns, Abnormal returns, Cumulative Abnormal Returns Easily and Other Event Study Statistics

When performing an event study that applies the market model, you will most likely need to compute stock returns or securities returns, expected returns (ERs), abnormal returns (ARs), Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs), Averaged Cumulative Abnormal Return (ACAR), Average Abnormal Returns (AAR) (alternatively called averaged abnormal returns), and Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR). Additionally, you will likely need to determine descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, medians, modes, minimums, and maximums relating to different characteristics (such as abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns). Computing these statistics can be tedious, time consuming, and confusing especially when several firms/securities and long time periods are involved. However, an event study market model calculator makes computing these statistics easy, fast, and accurate. You can thus rely on an an event study market model calculator to compute expected returns, abnormal returns, cumulative abnormal returns and other event study statistics effortlessly, fast, and reliably.

A number of event study market model calculators or market model calculators, which are spreadsheet or excel files, have been developed to provide event study help and market model help to cater to different study situations. The event study market model calculators can be used to compute the different statistics for one or several companies/securities/stocks over several time periods (days/weeks/ months) at a time. These tools perform several functions and can thus provide you with invaluable event study help, market model help, and expected return help. The different market model calculators are designed to be:

Market model calculator
Market model excel calculator
Event study calculator
Event study excel calculator
Stock returns calculator
Benchmark market returns calculator
Market model alpha and beta calculator
Expected returns calculator
Abnormal returns calculator
Cumulative abnormal returns calculator
Averaged cumulative abnormal returns calculator
Average abnormal returns calculator (Averaged abnormal returns calculator)
Cumulative average abnormal return calculator

Specifically, the tools compute the following statistics:

Stock returns
Benchmark/reference/market returns
alpha and beta coefficients
Expected returns
Abnormal returns
Cumulative abnormal returns
Averaged cumulative abnormal returns
Average abnormal returns
Cumulative average abnormal return
Descriptive statistics such as standard deviations, medians, modes, minimums, maximums, and percentage of positive abnormal returns.

Different Market Model Calculators for Different Needs

Here are four event study market model calculators worth considering for use in your event study and that are sure to make your work easier. Each of the calculators comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example or market model help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V1.1A – This tool can be used with specific event period-estimation window combinations. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 30. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30], Maximum estimation period: 20 to 49 (depending on when the event period starts). This event study market model calculator computes returns using the simple formula (not using natural log). This calculator comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V1.1B – This tool can be used with specific event period-estimation window combinations. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 30. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30], Maximum Estimation period: 20 to 49 (depending on when the event period starts). Stock and market returns are calculated using natural log (compounded returns). This tool is similar to version V1.1A except for the formula used to compute returns. This tool comes with test data that can serve as a market model help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V2.1A – This tool accommodates a wide combination of estimation periods and event periods . Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 100. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30]. Maximum estimation period: 320 to 349 (depending on when the event period starts). Returns are calculated using the simple formula. This calculator comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V2.1B – This tool accommodates a wide combination of estimation periods and event periods. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 100. Maximum event period: 61 [-30,+30]. Maximum estimation period: 320 to 349 (depending on when the event period starts). This tool is similar to V2.1A, the only difference being that returns are calculated with compounding (using natural log (LN). This tool comes with test data that can serve as a market model help example. Having difficulty deciding which calculator to go for? You probably want to go with this calculator since it offers great flexibility and takes returns compounding into account.

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour

Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Here is a preview of the paper on Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments.

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour

1.0 Introduction

Anthropogenic activities are recognized as a significant contributor to the build-up of heavy metals, such as lead and copper in urban areas and marine settings, posing health risks to people’s lives and the lives or marine organisms (Yan et al., 2018; Briffa et al., 2020). Exposure of humans or marine organisms to these pollutants can result illness, poor health, or even death (Briffa et al., 2020). Lead, a well-known poison for centuries, is a subject of global public health regulations and is linked to miscarriages, brain damage, kidney damage, cancers, and even death in humans (Tchounwou, et al. 2012; WHO, 2024). Although naturally present in soils at low concentrations, studies indicate a gradual increase in environmental lead concentrations due to human activities (WHO, 2024). Copper, essential for enzymatic activity at low concentrations, acts as an enzyme inhibitor at higher levels, causing diarrhoea, vomiting, and liver disease in humans (Tchounwou, et al. 2012; Ashish et al., 2013).

Harbours, due to shipping activities, often experience severe marine pollution (Onwuegbuchunam et al., 2017; Zhang, 2020; Shahzad, 2023), leading to a rapid decline in water and sediment quality, impacting fish and marine life significantly. Unlike some pollutants, heavy metals cannot undergo biodegradation and may accumulate in sediments to toxic levels over time (Tchounwou, et al. 2012). According to the Marine Management Organisation (2015), marine sediment concentrations below 50mg/kg (dry weight) for lead and below 40mg/kg for copper fall under Action Level 1 (AL1), indicating safe levels (Appendix 1).

Situated in Aberdeen City, Aberdeen Harbour, is recognized as one of the oldest and busiest ports in the United Kingdom (Ship Technology, 2018). Handling approximately 8,000 vessels annually, the harbour contributes over £1.5 billion to the national economy by managing nearly five million tonnes of cargo (Ship Technology, 2018). The cargo, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, oil, and liquefied gas, poses a potential risk of pollution. Additionally, other sources of heavy metals entering the harbour include construction, domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities, as well as chemicals and wastes. Continue Reading (Alternative 2) …

Here are some words that can be used to describe the paper:

Aberdeen harbour baseline study example
Aberdeen harbour sediments study
Aberdeen Harbour Baseline Survey
Aberdeen Harbour Baseline Survey for Environmental Status
Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour Sediments
Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Sample data

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Question/Prompt/Instructions can be found here … or here …

Statistical Process Control Case Study

Prompt:

Present literature review on statistical process control highlighting the development of the concept from the time it was developed to-date. You have been provided with historic data relating to temperature of combined effluence discharged by company ABCD. The data provides temperatures recorded four times a day during the month of September 2022. The company’s effluent discharges are usually controlled within the 25⁰C to 35⁰C range. The company (a brewery) usually performs weekly maintenance on the balancing system, whose effect is to neutralise the pH of the effluent and in the process heats up the discharge. The maximum temperature allowed for the discharge is 40⁰C. Using the data, visualise the performance of the company’s effluent control process. Ensure that you describe the analytical approach you have applied and include any graphs you have produced. Based on your analysis/visualisation, how well has the effluent control process performed? What priorities should the company adopt for quality improvements? – This is a statistical process control case study.

Data Sample: 27.508, 33.19, 30.06, 30.01 … (120 data points in total).

Statistical Process Control Case Study

Statistical Process Control Case Study

Introduction

Statistical process control (SPC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor, control, maintain, and improve the performance of a process (Jiju & Mehmet, 2003; Jamadar (2020). SPC is also a tool that applies time series plots, for checking whether products or processes confirm to their design requirements (Qiu, 2014). SPC, a brainchild of Dr. Walter Shewhart, was first developed in the 1920s as a tool for monitoring and controlling manufacturing processes (Best & Neuhauser, 2006). The tool’s versatility was recognized by Shewhart and Dr. Edwards Deming, who acknowledged that repeated measurements would exhibit some variation. Shewhart later realized that the tool had the potential for use in other types of processes in addition to manufacturing (Best & Neuhauser, 2006; Niavand & Tajeri, 2014). True to this finding, in contemporary times, SPC extends its application to diverse contexts such as management, health quality assurance and improvement, survey, among countless other settings (Jin et al., 2019; Qiu, 2019).

Common Cause Variation and Special Cause Variation

In statistical process control, common cause variation and special cause variation are crucial concepts (Montgomery, 2009; Qiu, 2014). Common cause variation refers to the observed variation that come into being as a result of random fluctuations, representing the natural variability or “background noise” inherent in a process (Montgomery, 2009). This variation is anticipated based on the underlying distribution, assuming variables remain constant with the passage of time. When common cause variation is present, the process is considered to be naturally stable and predictable, and the process is considered to be in “in statistical control” or simply, “in control” (Qiu, 2014). A stable process exhibits predictable variation described by a statistical distribution, such as normal, Poisson, geometric, or binomial distributions. In a process that follows the normal distribution, normally about 95% of future measurements are expected to fall within +/- 2 standard deviations of the mean. Furthermore, regardless of the statistical distribution, almost all measurements are expected to fall within +/- 3 standard deviations about the mean, when the process is in control (Benneyan et al., 2003; Goedhart & Woodall, 2022).

On the other hand, special cause variation represents observed variation beyond what can be attributed to chance alone. This kind of variation results from external factors or special causes, constituting unnatural variation due to circumstances, changes, or events that are not naturally part of the regular process (Carroll & Johnson, 2020). In contrast to traditional hypothesis testing, where special cause variation is analogous to statistically significant differences, SPC identifies changes graphically over time and often involves the collection of a (relatively) few samples (Benneyan et al., 2003; Montgomery, 2009). Continue reading …

Common Resources and Capabilities Virgin Companies

Virgin companies – Strategy

Revision questions

1. What are the shared resources and capabilities shared by the separate Virgin companies? – common resources and capabilities Virgin companies.
2. Which business(es) should Branson divest from? What criteria should he apply in deciding the new diversification strategy to apply?
3. What changes do you recommend to the Virgin Group with respect to its its organisational structure and management systems?

Contents

Introduction
Resources and capabilities
Virgin companies shared resources and capabilities
Divesting criteria and businesses to divest
New diversification strategy and decision criteria
Organisational structure change recommendations
Management systems change recommendations

Richard Branson and the Virgin Group Case Study

Introduction

The Virgin Group was established by renowned entrepreneur, Richard Branson. The history of the group can be traced back to 1968 when Branson formed the Student magazine after dropping out of school. Over the years, The Virgin Group has grown to become a highly diversified organisation with operations in several industry segments and countries. The group so far operates in the UK, the United States, Australia, Russia, South Africa, and Canada among several others. Some of the areas the group mainly focuses on are Telecoms and Media, Music and Entertainment, Financial Services, Travel and Leisure, and Health & Wellness (Virgin Group 2017).

The Group boasts of owning hundreds of companies directly or through its subsidiaries. It also boasts of having holding companies in seven main business categories. In addition, it has a stake in several companies, such stake acquired through the formation of joint ventures with other corporations.

Virgin Group has a strong asset base and its success has partly been attributed to the reputation and celebrity status of its founder, Richard Branson. Some of the Group’s notable assets include its fleets of airplanes, trains, and megastores. In addition to these, it has several resources including a strong brand name, a good reputation, talented human resources, and finances. In combination, these resources have helped the group develop capabilities and competencies in different areas.

One of the resources shared by the Virgin companies is the Virgin brand… Read more…

Migrant Remittances Determinants and Effects

Migrant Remittances and its Determinants and Effects on Pakistan

Abstract

Migrant remittances are recognised as an important source of foreign capital especially to developing countries such as Pakistan. Remittance inflows to Pakistan as a ratio of the country’s GDP has generally grown from 2000 to 2021. So far, studies have found different and conflicting results with regard to the determinants and effects of migrant remittances. With only few such studies having been conducted in Pakistan, the present study aimed to determine the determinants of remittances to Pakistan and the influence of remittances on the GDP growth and poverty rate in Pakistan. Data relating to 20 countries that have consistently been the highest sources of remittances to Pakistan for five specific years (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021). and time series data relating to Pakistan from 2000 to 2021 were drawn from World Bank Open Data database and the KNOMAD database. Data was analysed statistically to determine correlation coefficients and to develop gravity models. … The study recommended that Pakistan puts in place policies and measures to make remittance transactions faster and more affordable as a way of encouraging remittance transfers and consequently lowering the poverty rate in the country. The study also recommended that Pakistan encourage its citizens to migrate to countries with higher GDP rather than those with lower GDP as a measure towards improving remittances. Key word: Migrant remittances determinants and effects.

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

Migrant Remittances Determinants and Effects A key element that motivates migration to foreign countries is the prospect of remitting (Carling, 2008). Today, migrant remittances are recognised as an important source of foreign capital for several nations (Meyer & Shera, 2017). Migrant remittances are particularly important for developing countries if remittance statistics from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are anything to go by. Remittances are the sum of migrant transfers in the form of cash of goods from the foreign country in which they live or work to their country of origin to support their families (Ratha, 2013). According to the IMF, while estimating the exact amount of remittance flows is not easy as many transfers are done through unofficial channels, globally, migrant remittances was in excess of $483 billion in 2011 (Ratha, 2013). Out of this amount, $351 billion flowed to developing countries. The IMF estimates that remittances to low-income countries account for as much as 6.0% of the respective countries’ gross domestic product (GDP). In comparison, remittance flows to middle income countries account for roughly 2.0% of their GDP (Ratha, 2013). The World Bank (2023a) estimates that remittances to developing countries from across the world totalled roughly 630 billion United States Dollars (USD) in 2022. This amount, according to the World Bank (2023a), is over three times the total amount that goes to countries across the world as development aid. The World Bank (2023a) further notes that remittances are on their way to overtaking foreign direct investment (FDI) to low and middle income countries.

Statistics from the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) (2011) show that from the year 1999, formal remittance inflows to Pakistan have consistently been on the rise. While in 2000 the remittance inflows to the country was estimated at $1.075, billion, in 2010, the statistic had risen to $9.683 billion. Consistent with these statistics, records from the World Bank (2023a) show that personal remittances to Pakistan as a percentage of GDP has generally been growing from 2000 to 2022. While in 2000, personal remittances to the country represented 1.3% of the country’s GDP, in 2001, it accounted for continue reading ...

BMWP and ASPT Calculator

Where to find a BMWP and ASPT Calculator

Are you looking for a BMWP AND ASPT Calculator or a template for calculating BMWP and ASPT scores? Or, are you looking for an overall BMWP score calculator, a template for calculating Biological Monitoring Working Party score? Calculating BMWP and ASPT scores can be a challenge especially if you have a lot of data to work with and yet you need to calculate BMWP scores fast. However, with a template for calculating BMWP scores, you can calculate BMWP scores fast and easily. Likewise, with an ASPT score calculator, you can calculate ASPT scores fast and easily. Here is a BMWP score calculator and ASPT score calculator that you can use to calculate overall BMWP score and ASPT score for your sites or samples easily.

Download BMWP and ASPT Calculator

The calculator is a template in excel format that you have to download to use. After downloading the file, fill in the necessary information (such as the names of macroinvertebrate families, their corresponding tolerance or sensitivity scores, and the number of family members observed in a site or sample). Here are a few words that may be used to describe the template:

ASPT score calculate excel
ASPT score calculate template
Average Score Per Taxon score calculator
BMWP score calculate excel
BMWP score calculate template
Template for calculating ASPT score
Template for calculating Average Score Per Taxon score
Total BMWP score calculator

Download BMWP AND ASPT Calculator/Template

What are BMWP and ASPT Scores?

At this point, you may be wondering what is BMWP and what is ASPT? The Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) and the Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) are commonly used methods of assessing the quality of aquatic ecosystems. In simple terms, they are means of measuring the quality of water in a site or sample. Both BMWP and ASPT work on the principle that different aquatic invertebrates have different levels of tolerance or sensitivity to pollutants. The ASPT score for a site or sample is derived from BMWP score as you will see later on. BMWP specifically assumes that different aquatic invertebrates are sensitive to organic pollution to different levels.

BMWP AND ASPT Calculator

Organic pollution often leads to enrichment of the aquatic environment with nutrients, which in turn impacts the level of dissolved oxygen in water. Organisms which are highly sensitive or intolerant to pollution will easily die or migrate from polluted environments. Against this background, the BMWP system assigns scores to each macro invertebrate family/taxon based on how sensitive they are to organic pollution. As an example, the presence of stoneflies and mayflies, which are highly sensitive to pollutants, around a water body indicates that the water body is very clean. It is for this reason that these organism families are often assigned a high sensitivity or tolerance score (say 10.0). Invertebrates such as worms (Oligochaeta) which are less sensitive to pollution (or highly tolerant to pollution) are usually assigned a low score (say 1.0).

The BMWP system assumes that the higher the number of different macroinvertebrate families in a site, the better that quality of water therein. This assumption is based on the notion that water bodies with less pollutants attract even more “sensitive” species, which translates to a higher diversity. Different aquatic invertebrates are suited to different geographical location and ecological conditions. Against this reality, for the BMWP system to provide more accurate results, the BMWP or sensitivity score of each of the macroinvertebrate family/taxon should be calibrated to the specific geographical and ecological conditions where they are found.

How to calculate the BMWP and ASPT score

The (overall) BMWP score for a site or sample is computed by adding the sensitivity or tolerance scores of all the macroinvertebrate families/taxa in the site or sample. This is what the Biological Monitoring Working Party score calculator is designed to do. Generally, a higher (overall) BMWP score reflects better water quality. It is important to note that the BMWP score does not depend on the actual number of individual organisms that are members of a family observed in a location or sample but rather on the presence or absence of the family.

ASPT is calculated by dividing the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score by the number of families/taxa represented in the aquatic ecosystem of the location being studied. Generally, a higher ASPT score reflects better water quality. The main difference between BMWP score and ASPT score is that the latter is not dependent on family richness.

ASPT score formula
ASPT score = BMWP score ÷ Number of macroinvertebrate families or taxa.

BMWP Score Calculation Example

In a site along river ABC, the following data was collected in a particular month. Compute the BMWP Score for the site. The sensitivity scores for the different macroinvertebrates usually found in the ABC river ecosystem are also provided in the table below.

Taxon/Family	Number of family members observed	Sensitivity Score
Ancylidae	2	5.6
Asellidae	3	2.1
Baetidae	12	5.3
Caenidae	0	7.1
Chironomidae	9	3.7
Chloroperlidae	5	12.4
Crangonyctidae	0	6
Dendrocoelidae	0	5
Dugesiidae	0	5
Dytiscidae	20	4.8
Elmidae	32	6.4
Ephemerellidae	0	7.7
Erpobdellidae	0	2.8
Gammaridae	80	4.5
Gerridae	0	4.7
Glossiphoniidae	2	3.1
Glossosomatidae	0	7
Goeridae	0	9.9
Heptageniidae	15	9.8
Hydrobiidae	85	3
Hydropsychidae	3	6.7
Hydroptilidae	0	6.7
Lepidostomatidae	5	10.4
Leptoceridae	20	7.8
Leuctridae	5	9.9
Rhyacophilidae	50	8.3
Sericostomatidae	0	9.2
Simuliidae	0	5.8
Sphaeriidae	20	3.6
Taeniopterygidae	0	10.8
Tipulidae	2	5.5

To determine the BMWP score, add the sensitivity scores for all the families that had at least one organism observed. In other words, exclude from the addition any family or taxa that had zero number of families observed (e.g. Caenidae, Crangonyctidae, and Dendrocoelidae). In the table below, the total in the sensitivity score column is the overall BMWP score, total BMWP score, or simply, BMWP score.

	Taxon/Family	Number of family members observed	Sensitivity Score
1	Ancylidae	2	5.6
2	Asellidae	3	2.1
3	Baetidae	12	5.3
4	Chironomidae	9	3.7
5	Chloroperlidae	5	12.4
6	Dytiscidae	20	4.8
7	Elmidae	32	6.4
8	Gammaridae	80	4.5
9	Glossiphoniidae	2	3.1
10	Heptageniidae	15	9.8
11	Hydrobiidae	85	3
12	Hydropsychidae	3	6.7
13	Lepidostomatidae	5	10.4
14	Leptoceridae	20	7.8
15	Leuctridae	5	9.9
16	Rhyacophilidae	50	8.3
17	Sphaeriidae	20	3.6
18	Tipulidae	2	5.5
	BMWP Score		112.9

ASPT Score Example
As previously noted, the formula for finding the ASPT score is: BMWP score/ Number of families represented.

The BMWP Score = 112.9
The number of families which were represented in the data are 18
The ASPT score = 112.9/18 = 6.27
How to interpret BMWP and ASPT scores.

Different studies and locations interpret the BMWP score using different keys. Here we present two commonly used keys.

KEY A		KEY B
BMWP Score	Category	BMWP Score	Category	Interpretation
<15	Very Bad	0-10	Very Poor	Heavily Polluted
15-35	Bad (Very Contaminated)	11-40	Poor	Polluted or Impacted
36-60	Bad (Contaminated)	41-70	Moderate	Moderately Impacted
61-100	Moderate	71-100	Good	Clean but slightly impacted
101-120	Good	>100	Very Good	Unpolluted/Unimpacted
>120	Excellent

ASPT Score	Category	ASPT Score	Category
0-3.6	Bad	0-3.6	Bad
3.6-4.2	Moderate	3.6-4.2	Moderate
4.3-4.7	Good	4.3-4.7	Good
4.8-5.4	Very Good	4.8-5.4	Very Good
>5.4	Excellent	>5.4	Excellent

Using Key A, based on the BMWP score, water quality in the site studied is “Good”. Using the same key, based on the ASPT score, water quality at the site is “Excellent”.

This BMWP score calculate template can help you perform such calculations fast and easily. Using the template, you can compute scores for a maximum of 30 individual locations or periods at once. Also, the template allows you to enter the names of up to 66 families at a time. In addition to computing the BMWP and ASPT scores, the template categorises the water quality of the site based on the scores found. Save time and effort by calculating BMWP and/or ASPT scores using the BMWP and ASPT Calculator.

Download BMWP and ASPT Calculator

Recovery of Forest Soils Following Wildfire

Tedim and Leone (2020) define wildfire as any unplanned and uncontrolled fire started on shrubs or forest. National Geographic has defined the term as an uncontrolled fire that that burns in the wildland vegetation, often in rural areas. The term has also been defined by Belcher et al. (2021) as any non-structure fire other than prescribed fire that occurs in a wildland. Also called vegetation, bush, or forest fire, wildfire has been part and parcel of the earth’s history over the past 400 million years, and is thus not a new phenomenon (Belcher et al., 2021). A wildfire may ignite spontaneously as a result of natural causes such as a lightning strike or may be caused by human activities. Whatever their cause, they can greatly disturb forest soil and ecosystems especially given that fire can have a significant impact on the structural, physical, chemical, mineralogical, and biological properties of soil (Certini, 2005; Shrestha, 2009) through mechanisms such as vitalisation, erosion, oxidation, leaching, and ash transfer (Xiang et al., 2014). The recovery of soil after a forest fire is an issue of great importance to conservationists, environmentalists, governments and other players. This paper seeks to answer the question: can forest soils recover from wildfire? The paper begins by discussing the impact of fire severity on soil properties before focusing on the recovery of forest soils following a wildfire.

Impact of Fire Severity on Soil Properties

Several properties of forest soil can change as a result of exposure to a wild fire. Some of these properties include level of organic carbon, nutrients, water holding capacity, aggregate stability, and hydrophobicity (Agbeshie et al., 2022; DeBano, 1990; Santín & Doerr, 2016). The level of which these properties can be affected depend on the duration, frequency, timing, type, and intensity of fire (Certini 2005; Xiang et al., 2014). Most analysts agree that out of the three factors, fire intensity has the greatest influence on the properties of forest soil during or following a wildfire (Certini, 2005; Santín & Doerr, 2016). Recovery of forest soils following wildfire … Continue reading ...

Next article: Aberdeen Harbour Baseline Survey.

How to Sell Documents and Earn Money

Students and writers across the world are consistently searching for information that will help them study, revise, solve problems, or answer questions. Many of them are willing to pay for documents, such as study materials, if they believe they will benefit from the documents. This situation has created an opportunity for students, writers, and professionals in different fields or with different talents and skills to sell documents and earn money.

If you are a student, maintaining a good academic record can be difficult if you have side hustles or a part-time job. As a student, you definitely wish to earn some cash without spending so much time and effort working, at the expense of your studies and academic performance. You need a side hustle that can earn you some money without having to spend so much money on capital and so much effort and time in managing your side hustle. There is no doubt that few side-hustles meet these important requirements.

One of the few ways to make money as a student or writer that do not require a lot of time, effort, and capital is selling study materials. Study materials come in different forms: study notes, course notes, book summaries, questions and answers, essays, flashcards, and other study resources. Have you ever wondered how some of your fellow students make money without going to work? They are probably writing and selling study notes, essays, summaries, and other materials that they know other students will need. In short, they sell documents and earn money. It’s a secret side hustle that they probably do not want you to know about. Think about it, already you’re writing notes, essays, and other study materials for school, so why not share them with other students to help them and make money? Yes, you can sell your study notes or study documents and make some good cash.

Now that you have already learnt one of the ways to make money as a student you are probably asking yourself, where can I sell my study notes and what kind of documents can I sell? You can sell your and earn money through Freelansas. To sell documents through Freelansas is as easy as ABC. It’s as simple as creating a free vendor’s account, uploading your documents, and setting a price for the documents. Within a few seconds, you will have your personal store from where to upload and sell your study notes.

Now regarding what kind of documents you can sell, there is a whole list of study materials that you can sell to make money including study notes, book summaries, essays, flashcards, mind maps, case study samples, presentations, e-books and many more. You can sell your documents as single pieces or as a batch, it’s all up to you. Also, the price that you set to sell your documents is all up to you. To increase the chances of other students finding and buying your documents, we recommend that you promote them on your social media accounts and by word of mouth to your friends. You earn a commission every time your document is actually sold.

Sell Study Notes Online and Make Passive Income

sell study notes Have you ever wondered how you can make money as a student or thought about real ways to make money from home for free? Have you wondered whether there is a way how to make money online for beginners? In this article, I will show you one good way how to earn money online for students and writers.

Many students and young writers wish to make some money without much effort and without sacrificing their precious study time. A lot of students aren’t aware that they can make passive income by selling study notes online. Yes, while it sounds unreal, you can actually make some quick and easy cash by selling study notes online. If you are in doubt, consider these questions: Have you ever needed essay samples or examples to give you an idea on what to write on or how to answer a question? Have you ever needed sample questions and answers to help with your revision? Have you ever wondered why someone has not yet posted some information online that could help you answer some difficult or challenging question? Have you ever been in a situation where your time is so constrained that you wish someone had written notes, summaries, essays, flashcards, or model answers that you could even pay for to access? You probably have answered “yes” to one or more of these questions, just like countless other students and writers. As you can see, many people are searching and are willing to pay for information than can help them gain new knowledge and skills or that can help them answer some question.

Do you now realize that your study notes, study guides, flash cards, summaries, essays, and revision notes, and other study materials are worth money? As a student, you almost have no reason to complain and whine about having no cash; you can spend a little time writing good notes, answering questions, or writing book or course summaries that others may find useful and sell them for cash.

Selling study notes is a side hustle idea for students that many people do not know of. Knowing this side-hustle idea at this time places you on a path that you can follow to make money as a student or writer. Whether you are in college or at home, you can make study notes, guides, and other study materials that other people can find valuable and worth buying. Unlike many other side hustles, you don’t need any capital to earn money by selling study materials online; all you need to do is make good notes or write good content from your lectures or through research. You also don’t need an office to make money through this side hustle; it is one of the few real ways to make money from home for free. In addition to making passive income, you help other people in need of information when you sell notes online.

You can sell study notes for a class you’re currently attending and thus make money writing. You can also sell notes relating to a class you previously attended. Additionally, you can produce a sell-able document by simply researching on a subject or topic that you feel will be of interest to other people (but that is not necessarily related to a class or course you have attended).

Now that you know you can sell study notes, perhaps you are wondering how or where you can sell them. You can approach junior students to purchase your study notes or market them through social media, which requires a lot of effort and time. Better still, you can sell and share your study notes to other students and writers through our online platform and make money. It only takes a few easy steps for you to be able to sell your study notes or study material online on Freelansas. First, you need to sign up for a free vendor’s account. After creating an account, you need to upload your study notes, summaries, guides, or other study materials and set a price for your material. Every time your study note, summary, flashcards, or other study material is actually sold, you get a generous commission. Whenever someone purchases your document, the money you have earned is directly credited to your account.

In summary, selling study notes online can be a quick and easy way to earn money. For students, it is one good side hustle idea for students and a way to make passive income. Upload your first study notes or study materials on Freelansas and start making money today. It only takes a few seconds to be on your way to earning from your study materials.

The Role of Cost Information in the Pricing Decision

Pricing Decisions: The Role of Cost Information In the Pricing Decision

Prompt:

The Role of Cost Information in the Pricing Decision You are working in the management accounting department of ABC which manufactures a range of consumer electronics products. The current range comprises 50 different products and the company launches around 10 new products every year.

Your manager has asked you to write a paper which addresses issues relating to pricing decisions for all the company’s products, with a particular focus on the prices set for new products.

The current approach used by the company is a cost based approach by which a predetermined percentage is added to the estimated full cost of the product. However the directors of the company have recently questioned this approach.

You are required to discuss the following in your paper:

The role of cost information in the pricing decision.
The advantages and limitations of the company’s current approach.
A range of alternative strategies for pricing products which could be adopted by the company, including a discussion of the circumstances for which the different strategies would be appropriate.

Discussions have been taking place within the company concerning the pricing of one of the products to be launched within the next three months. The current planned selling price is £60 per unit and at this price it is expected that 5,000 units will be sold over the next year. However the marketing director has suggested that the sales quantity and profits from this product could be increased by reducing the unit selling price. The production director disagrees and believes that the selling price would have to be increased to improve the level of the profit.

You are required to:

Analyse the relationship between selling price and the level of profit for this product based on the information provided in this briefing.
Within your paper, present your analysis in an appropriate format. This analysis should include an appropriate chart or charts as an integral part of your paper.
Provide a full commentary on your analysis. This discussion should include the assumptions in and the limitations of your approach, a discussion of the views of the two directors related to the conclusions of your analysis and an assessment of the relevance to the organisation’s pricing decisions in the light of your answer to part a).

Note: you should use a spreadsheet for the calculations which underpin the analysis presented in the paper. Your spreadsheet must be submitted to support your paper.

Additional information:

The company estimates product costs based on apportionment of overheads to products using labour hours. Prices set are based on full cost plus a 25% profit mark-up.

The following information relates to this product:

The manufacture of each unit of the product requires materials costing £24 and 30 minutes of direct labour at a rate of £25 per hour.
The variable overhead costs per unit are £5.50 per unit.
Fixed costs for the year to be apportioned to this product are expected to be:
Production costs: £24,000
Administration and management costs: £5,000
Selling costs: £1,000
Some market research has recently been carried out to try and determine the effect on the level of sales demand if changes were made to the selling price of the product. This market research has suggested that reducing the selling price to £57 would increase the sales volume to 5,250 units for the year whereas increasing the selling price to £63 would result in a fall in sales to 4,750 units during the same period.

Assessment criteria
(10%) Discussion of the importance of cost information for pricing
(10%) Discussion of the advantages and limitations of the company’s current approach.
(25%) Review of alternative strategies for pricing products.
(10%) Analysis of scenario
(25%) Commentary on spreadsheet analysis and presentation of results.
(10%) Effective communication and appropriate style of presentation.
(10%) Use and presentation of academic research to support arguments.

Pricing Decisions

The role of cost information in the pricing decision

Cost is one of the factors that affect pricing decisions, hence cost information is an important factor in coming up with pricing decisions (University of Minnesota, 2015). Costs can influence prices through its effect on supply. In this regard, a company will be willing to supply more products the more the cost is lower relative to the price. It is often the case that as the firm increases supply of a product, the cost of producing an additional unit initially decreases. However, a point is reached where the cost of producing an additional unit begins to rise. The company will be willing to continue to supply its products for as long as the profit it makes from selling extra units exceeds the cost of producing them (the extra units). Another way that costs influence pricing is that all the costs incurred by the firm should be recouped through its product sales (Meehan et al., 2011; Smith, 2011). This means that the higher the units of a product that a firm sells, the less each unit is required to contribute towards covering the fixed costs. This in turn implies that the firm can afford to set a lower price for its products if it applies a cost-based approach to pricing or can make higher profits if applies value-based pricing (Leijon, 2017). It is by understanding the cost of producing the products that companies can set product prices so that they (the prices) appeal to consumers and at the same time serve to maximize operating income (Tarjomefa, 2015). Continue reading …