Study guides, study notes, summaries, and essay examples

10 Essential Skills for Essay Writing: Learn Academic Writing

Writing a high quality academic essay or paper requires a mix of important skills for essay writing and following important writing rules. Whether you are tackling an essay, research paper, dissertation, or any other type of academic paper, the outcome will be measured by three main things; content quality, organisation, and timely delivery.

skills for academic writing With respect to quality content, your essay should answer the question that you are supposed to answer, which means that the content of your essay should be relevant. The content of your essay should also be based on sound reasoning or logic, founded on sound research, and should present different viewpoints and arguments. Here’s how much you need to know to write an essay on a topic. No one wants to waste their time reading a boring essay and so your essay should be interesting to read. Your essay should also be so organised that it flows naturally or logically, is easy and comfortable to read and understand, and is well presented. If the content, organisation, and structure of your work is top notch and yet you deliver the work well after the deadline that you were given by your professor, superior, or client has passed, your work may ultimately be rejected. Delivering your essay or academic paper within time is one of the ways of avoiding a poor score in college and university. In any case, you never want the effort you have applied towards coming up with a high quality paper to go to waste just because you could not deliver in time.

In order to succeed in academic writing or be able to write a good essay, there are certain skills that you need possess or develop. If you wish to learn academic writing, you definitely wish to pay attention to these skills. Once you develop these skills, you will probably find writing an academic essay or paper to be an easy exercise. What skills do you need to write an essay that stands out? Here’s a look at the skills needed for essay writing that every student should develop and why they matter.

Language proficiency

Academic writing involves communicating ideas. For you to effectively communicate, you should be proficient in the language you will be using in your academic writing work. This means that you have to have adequate knowledge of the language you in terms of grammar and syntax. In simple terms, you should have adequate vocabulary, be able to compose correct sentences, and be able to use punctuation. Having proficiency in the language you are using to write your essay helps you choose the right words, ensuring your ideas are clear and precisely conveyed. This reduces misunderstandings and keeps the reader engaged.

Being able to communicate effectively in the language will help you avoid errors that can distract or confuse those reading your work. Having language proficiency helps you be able to express complex ideas, which is important in persuasive and analytical writing. Having strong vocabulary can help you avoid repetition and add sophistication to your writing, making your arguments more compelling and engaging. Language proficiency also helps you adapt an appropriate tone – whether persuasive, formal, creative, or analytical. Adopting an appropriate tone can render your essay more appealing and appropriate for its intended audience. Language proficiency also contributes to the logical organization of ideas, such as through the use of transition words, sentence variety, and paragraph structure, which contributes to smooth reading.

How to improve writing skills in this area? Read books and literature written in the language, read the dictionary to learn new vocabulary and how to correctly use them, listen attentively when others speak in the language. Having conversations in the language frequently and practicing writing in the language are equally effective ways of gaining language proficiency.

2. Paraphrasing skills

Learn essay writing Closely related to language proficiency is paraphrasing skills. Academic writing involves drawing information from different sources and writing this information in your own words. The ability to understand what others are communicating and express the same ideas in your own words is, therefore, an invaluable skill. Paraphrasing involves analysing and reinterpreting other people’s ideas. Your ability to effectively paraphrase the information that you have gotten from other sources can help you avoid or reduce the risk of plagiarism. Avoiding plagiarism is crucial in academic writing as originality and proper source attribution are required. Being able to rephrase what others sources have stated demonstrates your understanding of the material, which often leads to better insights and stronger arguments. Having effective paraphrasing skills additionally helps you seamlessly blend sources into your narrative, which translates to better essay flow, and helps translate complex ideas into powerful statements that support your arguments and thesis.

How to develop essay writing skills like paraphrasing? Build your vocabulary, practice writing in your own words using synonyms and by changing the order of words, and practicing summarising text.

3. Computer skills

what skills does essay writing give you Academic writing mostly involves researching online and typing your work on a word processor (such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs). It is, therefore, important that you have at least basic knowledge of how to use the computer and the Internet. This means you need basic knowledge on how to use a word processor and a browser – such as Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, or Internet Explorer – to access and find information on the Internet. Having knowledge and experience in using word processing software can make drafting, editing, and formatting your work easier and helps you work more efficiently. Tools such as spell check, grammar suggestion, formatting options, review options, QuillBot, Grammarly and Hemingway help save time, avoid or correct certain errors, and enhance the clarity, readability, and professionalism of your essay. Proficiency in the use of other software (such as statistical, spreadsheet, project management, computer programming) can be an added advantage to you especially if your essay work requires complex data analysis or decision making.

Writing a good academic essay often requires that you access and read a lot of information from multiple sources. With computer skills, you can quickly access a wealth of online resources including databases, libraries, journals, books, and websites which increase the depth and quality of your research. Today, many essays require specific formatting styles (such as APA, Harvard, MLA). Having computer skills makes it easier to apply the specific formatting and presentation styles through the use of formatting tools within the word processor and advanced formatting tools such as MyBib and Mendeley.

Developing your computer skills can be as simple as using a computer regularly, seeking necessary help when using a computer, and searching online for solutions on how to accomplish specific functions or tasks when using computer programs. You can also improve your computer skills by enrolling in a computer course or tutorial.

4. Typing skills

Time is a limited resource that should be used prudently. The existence of deadlines and the fact that several important things compete for your time brings to focus the need to work fast when writing an essay. Having good typing speed allows you to type quickly which makes it easier to capture ideas as they come to your mind or as you paraphrase. It also helps you avoid interruptions, stay focused, and write more efficiently as you write without struggling with mechanics of typing. Your ability to type well often translates to fewer errors and greater accuracy, which in turn helps you spend less time on proofreading and corrections. Your ability to type efficiently can help reduce strain and fatigue especially when you are working on longer essays and projects that require prolonged working periods. Typing faster can help you save time that you can then use for researching, organizing, revising, and polishing the essay.

You can improve your typing skills by practicing to type. The more you type, the faster you will be able to type. You can also improve your typing speed by learning touch typing. Applications such as Typing Master and TypingClub are excellent options for learning touch typing.

5. Research skills

writing skills for academic writing Strong research skills are important skills for essay writing, as academic essays require credible, well-researched sources. In academic writing, you will not just engage in superficial Internet search. You will have to engage in deep research as you start from a point of not knowing. The level of research you engage in will ultimately impact on the quality and credibility of your essay. Having good research skills will enable you find several and diverse sources that will deepen your understanding of the topic and make you aware of the different perspectives that you can include in your essay. Having good research skills also allows you to locate reliable and relevant evidence that you can use to support your claims and arguments.

Not all sources that you encounter in the process of essay writing will be credible. Having research skills allows you to quickly screen sources and to identify credible, reliable, and up-to-date sources which you can rely on in writing your essay and boosting strength and validity of your arguments. Having strong referencing skills also help you efficiently organise the information you have, save time thus allowing you to put more focus on writing and analysis. Practicing how to search and find sources online, from databases, and from libraries and how to evaluate sources is a sure way of learning research skills.

6. Critical thinking and analytical skills

Coming up with an excellent essay requires the application of critical and analytical thinking skills. Critical thinking is the kind of thinking which involves questioning, analysing, interpreting, and evaluating the information or ideas you get come up with or get from other sources. Researching only provides you with the information or ideas that you may write. Thereafter, you need to analyse that information and form an opinion based on your findings. This is where critical thinking comes in. Critical or analytical thinking helps you go beyond surface-level observations to analyse concepts, arguments, and data in detail. The result of this is deeper insights and a more thorough exploration of the topic. Critical thinking also enables you analyse issues objectively, taking into consideration multiple points of view leading to quality arguments and conclusions. Critical thinking also enables you to break down a complex topic into smaller parts that are more manageable, analyse relationships, and come up with logical solutions or interpretations. Additionally, critical thinking enables you to develop intellectual independence as you develop the ability to form your own reasoned opinions and conclusions rather than relying on those of other people. This happens as you question assumptions, explore alternatives, and consider different viewpoints.

Learning to question assumptions, appreciating different points of view, being objective when engaging in different activities, and engaging in reflection are important ways you can apply in improving your critical thinking skills. Reading research articles and academic essays written by other people are also potent ways of improving your critical thinking and analytical skills.

7. Argumentation skills

Academic writing often involves argumentation – making claims, providing reasons or evidence to back up or refute those claims, drawing conclusions, and applying the conclusions to the case you are discussing. Argumentation helps you construct a clear, persuasive thesis backed by strong evidence. It also enables you influence the reader’s perspective by presenting compelling reasons and solid support for your position. Strong argumentation skills is fundamental when considering what skills does essay writing give you as it encourages you to develop critical thinking as you analyse sources and consider alternative points of view. This helps you build a more nuanced and robust argument rather than relying on weak or one-sided claims.

Good argumentation skills involve acknowledging and addressing opposing views. This shows that you have considered multiple perspectives, strengthening the overall argument and showing respect for differing opinions. When arguments are well-reasoned, backed by credible evidence, and acknowledge counterarguments, the credibility of your essay increases. Your reader is more likely to take you seriously if you present a balanced and thoughtful perspective. Here’s how much you need to know on a subject to write a well-balanced essay or academic paper.

You probably want to improve your argumentation skills by learning to appreciate different points of view, reading widely, and through academic writing practice.

8. Formatting skills

learn academic writing Formatting is another one of the several skills needed for essay writing. Formatting has to do with the organisation and presentation of your essay. An essay that is well formatted is well organised, easy to read and understand, has good flow and looks professional. Having formatting skills requires attention to detail and demonstrates respect for formatting guidelines and conventions. Having good formatting skills helps you properly organise and format your essay or paper enhancing its readability, flow, and presentation, and appeal to the reader.

Your ability to format a document or file will likely be influenced by your computer skills. Learning how to format will thus be easier if you have at least basic computer skills, giving you a good reason to invest in gaining basic computer skills. You can learn and improve on your formatting skills by reading relevant formatting style guides, practicing how to format in a style that is relevant to you, and by searching for solutions online when you face a formatting challenge. Some of the most commonly used formatting styles in academic writing include APA, MLA and Harvard.

9. Referencing skills

Researching is a crucial and natural element of academic writing. It is through research that you get ideas to write on, alternative viewpoints to consider, and data and evidence to back up your statements and claims. Researching involves reading and understanding other people’s ideas, expressing these ideas, and crediting other people for their ideas. It is important to credit other people with their ideas, views, work, and contributions. Referencing is a means through which you will credit other people for their works, ideas, and contribution to science. Referencing skills help you paraphrase, quote and cite sources correctly. They further help you ethically integrate into your essay the information you have gotten from other sources, avoid plagiarism, and maintain the integrity of your work.

By reading on and practicing how to cite and reference sources from referencing guides and other resources, you will learn how to reference using the referencing styles that may be relevant to you. Learning and practicing how to use one or more referencing managers, such as MyBib, Mendeley, and Cite This For Me can also help you improve your referencing skills.

10. Time management skills

how to improve writing skills

How you manage your time dictates how much time you have to accomplish the different activities involved in essay writing. It also determines the quality of these activities, and whether or not you will deliver your work in time. Good time management allows for thorough research, ensuring that you have enough time to find credible sources, analyse information, and build a well-informed argument. Without sufficient time, the quality of the research may suffer. Writing is a process, and the best essays require multiple drafts and revisions. Effective time management means you will have adequate room for editing, refining arguments, and fixing any mistakes, resulting in a more polished final draft, better quality work, and a more enjoyable writing process. In the work or academic setting, you will probably need to manage multiple assignments and deadlines. Good time management skills help you prioritize tasks, allocate time appropriately, avoid wasting time on tasks that could be completed faster, and avoid missing deadlines. As you can see, time management is crucial for students learning how to improve writing skills.

You can develop your time management skills by always prioritising tasks – performing more urgent or important tasks first and less urgent ones later. Other strategies for developing this skill include always setting realistic goals and deadlines, breaking down large tasks into manageable pieces, taking measures to minimise distractions, and delegating work where this is possible.

By focusing on these skills, you can learn how to develop essay writing skills that result in clear, polished, and professional academic papers that abide by the essential essay writing rules. Wish to learn academic writing? Here‘s an introduction to academic writing.

Learn Academic Writing: Introduction to Essay Writing

Introduction to Essay Writing

Academic writing is one of the skills that people and especially students, scholars, and professionals should develop. What is academic writing and is it important to learn academic writing? These are common questions asked by many people, including college, university students, and professionals. Other common questions that people ask are: “Can I learn academic writing”, “where can I learn about writing”, “where can I learn to write an essay?”. If you are interested in learning academic writing or want to learn essay writing, or how write a paper, you better read on. This article serves as your introduction to essay writing and provides essential insights for anyone eager to learn about academic essay writing.

Types of Writing

Learn academic writing

Before diving into academic essay writing and learning how to write a paper, it’s helpful to understand the general concept of writing. Writing is the act of communicating or passing information in written form or using text. Writing can be categorised in different ways. For the purposes of easy essay learning, we may categorise writing into fiction writing, content writing, general writing, and academic writing. Fiction writing involves writing about things mostly drawn from one’s imagination, rather than real life events. In fiction writing, the writer or author invents the characters, setting, plot, dialogues, and themes of the story. Stories included in story books, novellas, and novels are often works of fiction and thus fall under fiction writing. Fiction writing is mainly aimed at providing entertainment to readers. Compared to the other types of writing, fiction writing often requires the highest level of creativity.

Content writing involves writing information that people read online, such as a website copy, blog article, social media post, and email content. When you create a website or blog, you probably need to create and publish content. In other words, you want to make the information you have written available for other people to read so that they can be informed about something (such as products you are selling), entertained, or take some action (such as purchase a product or service that you or someone else is selling).

General writing involves writing information that target a general audience. A general audience includes people with advanced knowledge in some subject or field as well as those with little or no advanced knowledge. The general public is an example of a general audience. Examples of general writing are news articles found in newspapers and popular magazines. You don’t need to be a professional or expert in any field to read the articles in a newspaper. The articles written in the newspaper are often written using simple language that even people with basic education can understand. Such articles are written to be read by the general public; both professionals and people with no professional knowledge in any area.

Academic writing, which is the focus of this article, may also be referred to as scholarly writing, academic essay writing, academic research writing, research writing, or essay writing. Academic writing involves writing content of academic nature. Academic writing is usually done to inform readers, demonstrate knowledge in an academic area, offer evidence for an argument, examine data, or assess existing body of knowledge or viewpoints.

Most colleges and universities require their students and scholars to engage in academic writing as part of the process that leads to their graduation with a certificate, diploma, or degree. This is the case since in most learning institutions, students are required to write essays, research papers, or term papers – all of which fall under academic essay writing – as part of their assignments or examinations. If you have ever done an essay, term paper, or research paper in school, college, or university before, you have actually engaged in academic writing. This is regardless of your performance in the exercise that you engaged in. Academic writing is also used for publications that are read by teachers, scholars, researchers and professionals or presented at conferences.

What is Academic Writing?

Having provided a brief description of writing generally and an introduction to essay writing, it is time to delve a little deeper into the subject of academic writing. What does academic writing involve? Academic writing mostly involves essay writing. This is the reason, academic writing is often referred to simply as essay writing in college and university. Essay writing is the process of sharing complex ideas, opinions, or thoughts in written form. From this description of essay writing, it is clear that if you want to learn academic writing, you need to develop the ability to construct complex arguments and explanations. What this essentially means is that you need to develop the ability to present your views by combining sentences into paragraphs and paragraphs into an essay. You also need to develop the ability to express ideas, explanations, and reasoning clearly and make readers understand the topic and the claims or arguments you are making in the essay.

For many people who wish to learn academic writing, the fact that essay writing is at the centre of academic writing makes academic writing scary and something they would rather avoid. This should not be the case for you as you can learn how to write an essay by learning the basics and rules of essay writing, reading how to write different types of essays, and engaging in essay writing practice. Fortunately, we are dedicated to presenting a lot of information on academic writing from which you can learn essay writing for free and develop essay writing skills. Before discussing the basics of academic essay writing and how to write different types of essays, let’s continue with the broader subject of academic writing by focusing on the characteristics of academic writing.

Characteristics of Academic Writing

For those who wish to learn about writing academically, here are the main characteristics of effective academic writing: It is widely agreed that academic writing is well planned and focused, structured, formal in tone and style, and is backed up by evidence.

introduction to essay writing

Planned and focused – Academic writing answers a question and demonstrates an understanding of the subject. An important purpose of academic writing is to aid the reader’s understanding.
Structured – An academic essay is written in a coherent manner and follows a logical order, such as following the general format of introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. As such, an academic essay is well organised and brings together related material and points.
Applies formal tone and style – In academic writing, there is careful use of language and tenses. Academic writing involves clear, concise, and balanced communication and arguments. Additionally, in academic writing, we aim to be neutral, formal, and unbiased.
Evidenced –Academic writing aims to demonstrate knowledge of the subject area you are writing on. It thus involves research, which is referring to other sources of information – such as text books, websites, journal articles, or people – and providing evidence for the information that you provide. It is worth pointing out at this point that even in fiction, general, and content writing, some level of research is often involved as the author may consult other sources of information to get ideas, facts, or even inspiration. Evidence (such as references) is used to support opinions and arguments and work must be accurately referenced.

You need not worry if you still don’t understand what these four main characteristics of academic essays entail. There’s more to these characteristics and we can’t explain them all in one article. You will make sense of the characteristics as you read on and proceed to the basics of academic essay writing and the essay writing rules. For now, let’s briefly touch on the concept of formal tone with an example.

Let’s compare two sentences to understand tone:

James Abraham Academy teaches learners what they need to know to excel in their exams.
At James Abraham Academy, we do our best to ensure you learn what you need to excel in your exams.

These two statements are generally trying to convey the idea that the academy is focused on teaching learners what they need to learn for them to excel in their examinations. Please read the sentences again and try answering this question: Which of the two statements sounds more friendly, inviting, or personal?

If you chose Statement 2, you are right. But what makes it sound more friendly or personal? Well, it’s because the sentence makes use of first person and second person pronouns (I, we, our, you, your). It sounds like someone is really addressing or talking to you at a personal level. It also sounds like the person is marketing the academy. When we use first and second person pronouns, we tend to create a personal connection between the author and the reader by grouping the author and the reader together. On the other hand, when we use third person pronouns (he, she, it, they), however, like in Statement 1, we sound more formal, neutral and less friendly (we are concerned only with presenting what we think is a fact). We are not really concerned about creating or fostering a personal relationship with our audience. In the table below, we present some of the first, second, and third person pronouns that are commonly used in everyday life.

	First Person	Second Person	Third Person
Singular	I, me, my, myself, mine,	You, your, yours, yourself	He, she, his, hers, herself
Plural	We, us, our, ours, ourselves	You, your, yours, yourselves	They, themselves

In academic writing, we are not concerned with marketing or selling a product but in presenting facts as they are. We are not concerned with pleasing our audience, sounding friendly, or appearing to be welcoming. Rather, we aim to convince our audience (the reader) that our argument or point of view is valid. In academic writing, formal (as opposed to informal) language and tone is used. Statement 2 (above) illustrates the kind of language used in academic writing as it demonstrates the use of formal and neutral tone. As you may notice from the two statements, the choice of words that you use when writing potentially shapes the tone and style of your academic essay.

Academic writing is not necessarily complex and you do not have to use complex or complicated vocabulary and overly long sentences, especially when you are a beginner. You can write good academic essays by using simple, short sentences and everyday vocabulary. In fact, by using simple, straightforward language and sentence structure, you may avoid grammatical and other errors while still presenting your arguments effectively. Here’s how much you need to know to write an essay on a subject.

It is important to note that when writing an academic essay or paper in a given discipline, you will need to use relevant vocabulary and conventions. For example when writing a paper in biology, you will need to use relevant biological terms (such as osmosis, genes, organisms, tissues, genome, organelles, biosphere, ecosystems, species etc). The use of discipline-relevant terms not only shows your knowledge of the subject you are writing on but also contributes to the conciseness, clarity, and professionalism of your work.

Why is it Important to Learn Academic Writing?

If you’re still asking, “Is it important to learn academic writing?”, the answer is a resounding yes. There are several reasons why you should learn academic writing or develop academic writing skills. With good academic writing skills, you will be able to write strong essays and thereby greatly improve your chances of getting good Is it important to learn academic writing grades in school or college. This is because academic writing helps you develop strong communication, language, reasoning and critical thinking, and research skills, all of which are necessary for good or excellent academic performance. In addition, by engaging in academic writing, you develop the ability to understand audiences and reach them better and increase your knowledge on different subjects.

Knowledge of academic writing is not only important for your life in college or university. Good essay writing skills increase your chances of getting a good job and advancing in your career, especially if your career involves researching, strong written communication, and critical thinking. Additionally, mastering academic essay writing can open up freelance opportunities, enabling you to earn by writing or training others in essay, report, or research writing. Overall, academic writing can greatly contribute to your success as a student, person, and professional.

Types of Assignments in Academic Writing

There are several types of assignments that fall under the umbrella of academic writing and that you’ll likely encounter as a student or someone who wants to learn academic writing well. Some of the types of academic writing works are listed in the table below. Each assignment type provides an opportunity to practice how to write a paper or how to write an essay, both of which are critical skills.

Types of Assignments in Academic Writing

Article critique	Business plan	Poster design/creation
Article review	Application essay	Presentation/Podcast
Book review	Personal journal	Qualitative analysis
Business Report	Literary analysis	Content/ thematic analysis
Case study	Literature review	Discussion board post
Course work	Research paper	Dissertation/ Thesis
Critical review	Movie critique	Research report
Essay	Scholarship essay	Personal reflection
Grant proposal	Marketing plan	Questionnaire design
Lab report	Personal statement	Research proposal
Memo	Statistical analysis	Research proposal
Movie review	Literary analysis	Systematic review
Poster	Research report	Rhetoric analysis
Questionnaire	Summary	Scholarship essay
Speech	Business proposal	Case briefs (law)
Term paper	Article summary	Annotated bibliography

Most of the work that is done in academic writing is done in essay form. In college or university, an essay writing assignment may be referred to a “essay”, “term paper”, “research paper” or “academic paper. These terms are often used interchangeably and may be used to mean the same thing – an essay.

Find out how much knowledge you need to have to handle an academic paper and what to write in an essay.

Summary of Introduction to Essay Writing

In summary, this article offers an introduction to essay writing for those interested in learning academic writing or essay writing for college and university. The article has answered the question “what is academic writing” and has highlighted the characteristics that should be presented in your academic essay. With the knowledge of the characteristics of academic writing in mind, when doing academic writing, you should ensure that your essay or academic writing work is well planned and focused, properly structured, applies formal tone and style, and your ideas and arguments are supported by evidence (mostly in the form of references). When writing an academic essay, you do not necessarily have to use overly long sentences or complex and complicated vocabulary – you can write an excellent paper by keeping it simple and following essay writing rues. The article has also answered the question, “Is academic writing important”? This article has also presented some of the types of assignments you may encounter as a college student, professional, freelance writer, or consultant. Developing academic writing skills can improve your academic performance and provide a foundation for career success.

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 3

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 3 Revision Questions

Question: Describe the physical and psychosocial development of a child, focusing on the body parts:

Brain and nervous system
Heart
Head
Chest and lungs
Communication

First Response and Emergency Care Component 3

Question: Provide the ranges for normal respiratory rates and normal heart rates for children.

Age Respiratory Range

<1
1-2
2-5
5-12
>12

Age Heart rate range

0-3 months
3 months -2 years
2-10 years
>10 years

Question:

(a) Describe how you would assess a child showing signs of respiratory failure
(b) Describe how you would assess a child showing signs of circulatory failure.

Question: From the following list of common childhood illnesses, Describe three of the following childhood illnesses and their recognition features: Bronchiolitis • Croup • Viral wheeze •Epiglottitis

Question: Provide a brief description of how you would manage 3 of the childhood diseases not used in question 4.

Question: Explain each component of the paediatric assessment triangle.

Question: Briefly describe your safeguarding considerations and the actions you would take when called to a 5-year old child alone at home.

Question: Describe the pathophysiology, recognition and management of the Asthma, Pneumonia, and COPD (Emphysema and Bronchitis).

Question: Draw and label the following components of the digestive system: Liver, Gall bladder, Large intestine, Small intestine, Oesophagus, Stomach.

Question: Choose three common digestive system conditions from the following list. Describe the diseases you have chosen: Ulcer • Cirrhosis of the liver • Crohn’s disease • Appendicitis

Question: Briefly describe the recognition features and pathophysiology of sepsis, septic shock.

Question: Briefly describe how you would assess and manage a patient exhibiting signs of sepsis.

Question: You are required to attend to a heavily pregnant patient who is experiencing contractions. Identify the stages of labour and the care that should be provided at each stage.

Download the complete question set to help you prepare for your First Response and Emergency Care – Component 3 exams or assignments. Gain insight into the kind of questions to expect. Find attempted solutions to these and other questions here.

Also see:

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 1 Revision questions
First Response and Emergency Care – Component 2 Revision questions

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 1

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 1 Revision Questions

Emergency Care and First Response

Q. You have been called to attend to an emergency situation at a noisy house party. The person you need to attend to in your capacity as a first responder is a responsive female who is slumped over on a sofa outside in the garden. The information you are getting from bystanders is disjointed and confusing. Briefly discuss why a <C>ABCDE approach is applied in the primary assessment of patients. Also briefly explain each of the elements of the assessment in the context of the female patient in this case. Ensure to include the airway stepwise approach in your explanation.

Q. You are in a scene in which you have to attend to four casualties. Classify each of the casualties using a triage sieve (MPTT-24 or NARU). Specify which triage sieve you have used.

Casualty 1: The casualty is mobile, alert, and shows no signs of catastrophic bleeding. The casualty’s airway is clear, has a pulse rate of 94 beats per minute and a breathing rate of 12 respirations per minute.

Casualty 2: The casualty is immobile and has catastrophic bleeding from an amputated hand. The patient is alert, has a clear airway with breathing rate of 18 respirations per minute and a pulse of 114 beats per minute.

Casualty 3: The patient is lying on the floor, confused, but is able to walk and has no sign of catastrophic bleeding.

Casualty 4: The casualty shows no sign of catastrophic bleeding from a cut arm and leg. The patient has noisy breathing (10 respirations per minute), is unconscious, and has a pulse of 110 beats per minute

Q. Draw the human heart and label the following parts: Aorta, Superior vena cava, right pulmonary artery, left ventricle, pulmonary valve, Descending aorta, aorta valve, right atrium, left pulmonary vein, intraventricular septum, and atrioventricular bundle branches.

Q. Briefly explain the heart’s electrical conduction system, its nervous control, and how conduction affects the cardiac cycle (500 words max).

Q. Define atheroma, arteriosclerosis, and myocardial infarction.

Q. Briefly explain how arrhythmias and heart failure affect heart function.

First Response and Emergency Care - Component 1

Q. What is an ECG? What does an ECG measure?

Q. For the management of each of these patients, state the medical gas to use, the method of administration or dosage, and caution(s) and contraindications for the use of the medical gas you have stated (where applicable):

Patient 1: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oxygen saturations of 72%, breathing difficulty

Q. You have been called to manage a casualty who has collapsed in the workplace and has become unconscious. The casualty’s airway has become “noisy” and you are considering managing it. You have decided to use a Supraglottic Airway Device (SAD). State at least four contraindications or cautions in relation to the use of SAD.

Download the complete question set to have a good idea of the kind of questions to expect in your first aid (First Response and Emergency Care – Component 1) exams or assignments. Here is an opportunity to help you prepare for your assignments and exams. Find attempted solutions to these and other questions here.

Also see:

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 2 Revision questions
First Response and Emergency Care – Component 3 Revision questions

First Response and Emergency Care Component 2

First Response and Emergency Care Component 2 – Revision Notes/Questions

Q. Briefly explain the functions of the following components of the respiratory system: lung, diaphragm, visceral pleura, and pleural cavity.

Q. Explain the ‘cycle of breathing’

Q. Define “elasticity” and explain the effects it has on the lungs when reduced.

Q. A man has been hit by a car and you have been called to attend to him. He seems to be unconscious. His breathing is fast and shallow and he has a weak radial pulse. Your inspection of the casualty reveals that the left side of his chest is not rising and falling equally. There is no sign of catastrophic haemorrhage, his circulation is compromised, and there is a snoring sound emanating from his airway. Suggest a treatment plan for the casualty.

Q. Label the bones on the diagram:

Q. What are the functions of bone?

Q. What are the functions of muscle?

Q. What are the functions of tendons?

Q. What are the functions of ligaments?

Q. What are the functions of joints?

Q. What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Q. What are the functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Q. What are the functions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Q. Define sexual assault.

Q. A patient whose has experienced sexual assault may experience different signs, symptoms and issues. Name some of the signs, symptoms, and issues, categorising them as either physiological or psychological.

Q. You have been called to attend to a female patient who seems to have been sexually assaulted. Briefly discuss the considerations needed to care for the patient. In your discussion, ensure to touch on the following issues: the assessment of time critical injuries, forensic considerations, approach towards the patient, communications with the patient, patient’s wishes with regard to contacting the police, and care pathways (Sexual Assault Referral Centre).

Q. What are the roles of the following crew members when attending to a major incident: attendant, driver, first crew on scene, and first responder on scene?

Q. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive (CBRNE) incidents can have several effects. For each of the elements of CBRNE, state the routes of entry and the possible effects that should be considered.

Q. You have been called to attend to a situation in a public area that is heavily populated. A member of the public tells you that there is a rucksack that has been left unattended for an hour or so. Provide a summary of how you will initially deal with the package and how you will act when the situation is considered a terrorist incident. State what “METHANE” stands for.

Q. Briefly describe how you would manage a patient with traumatic chest injuries with a focus on open chest wound, tension pneumothorax, and flail chest.

Download the complete question set and get to know the kind of questions to expect in your First Response and Emergency Care – Component 2 exams or assignments. Find attempted solutions to these and other First Response and Emergency Care – Component 2 revision questions here.

Also See:

First Response and Emergency Care – Component 1 Revision questions
First Response and Emergency Care – Component 3 Revision questions

Determine the Sample Size

Two out of the several programs funded by Louisiana Balance of State Continuum of Care (Laboscoc) are Partners in Health and Housing for Baton Rouge and Rapid Re-Housing – Baton Rouge (Laboscoc, 2023). Both programs, in part, help homeless individuals and persons at risk of becoming homeless find shelter and necessary community support (Louisiana Housing Corporation, 2024; Startcorp, 2024). Unpublished records indicate that in the past three years, Partners in Health and Housing for Baton Rouge and Rapid Re-Housing – Baton Rouge have provided support to 101 and 123 such individuals, respectively. A descriptive study seeking to capture the views of individuals who have received housing support from the two programs in the past three years may determine the sample size by applying Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size formula (Royse et al., 2016). The sample size formula takes the form:

s = X²NP(1-P) ÷ {d²(N-1) + [X²P(1-P)]}

Where,

s is the sample size

X² is the chi-square value for 1 degree of freedom (3.841 applied in this case given that 95% confidence level is assumed)

N is the population size

P is the proportion of the population with a characteristic of interest (0.5 assumed in this case)

d is the acceptable margin of error expressed as a proportion (0.05 assumed in this case)

For the hypothesized study, the population size is 224 and hence the sample size may be determined as follows:

s = 3.841 x 224 x 0.5(1-0.5) ÷ {0.05²(224-1) + [3.841 x 0.5(1-0.5)]}

s = 3.841 x 224 x 0.5(0.5) ÷ {0.05²(223) + [3.841 x 0.5(0.5)]}

s = 215.096 ÷ {0.5575 + [0.96025]}

s = 215.096 ÷ {1.51775} = 141.72

The appropriate sample size for the study would thus be 142. As would be expected, the computed sample size falls between 132 and 152, which are the sample sizes posted by Royse et al. (2016, p. 223) for population sizes of 200 and 250 respectively (holding all other factors constant).

Sample Size Determination Download file

Knec Business Plan Example

References

Louisiana Balance of State Continuum of Care (2023). Louisiana Balance of State CoC. Squarespace. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ad7424f7c9327973957a9dd/t/65b7f550d2495331c59765d5/1706554704354/CoC-2023-LA_Press.pdf?utm_campaign=Public%20Announcements&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_Vg3uXPSIbRifGzIZJs84u3LcEA7d7mZVRCz5OYTIVGAM-41FDYtCQnmhn00_1hkxqGKCr

Louisiana Housing Corporation (2024). Programs and Outreach: COC rapid re-housing. Louisiana Housing Corporation. https://www.lhc.la.gov/programs-and-outreach

Royse, D., Thyer, B. A., Padgett, D. K., & Logan, T. K. (2016). Program evaluation: An introduction to an evidence-based approach (6^th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Startcorp (2024). Baton Rouge Programs. Startcorp. https://www.startcorp.org/baton-rouge

Knec Business Plan Sample

A business plan acts as a road-map for a business and thus provides a guide on important elements of the business and the steps that should be taken to start and steer the business to grow. Coming up with a business plan is one of the requirements towards graduating with a certificate, diploma, or bachelor’s degree in many colleges and universities. As a student undertaking a Knec-accredited diploma course in Kenya, you will likely be required to write a business plan based on a pre-determined format – the business plan knec format.

For many students, writing a business plan is a challenge especially given that they do not really understand the concepts being examined knec. Learning how to write a winning business plan can be made easy with the help of a high quality business plan sample. In case you are looking for a Knec business plan sample or diploma in knec business plan sample, you have landed in the right place.

Knec Business Plan Sample

While a few Knec business plan samples have been posted on the Internet, most of them are clearly of very low quality, providing evidence that their authors did not really understand important and relevant business concepts.

Here is a Knec business plan example that is of high quality and from which you can learn and develop your own plan, whether for Knec or other examination or for practical use. You can be sure that the Knec business plan example is of high quality as it is based on a past sample that achieved an A grade.

Here is an example business plan for a boutique. While this business plan knec example may not exactly relate to the kind of business you are interested in, you have every reason to go through the sample as it will likely give you ideas of what to write in the different sections of your own business plan. By going through this business plan sample knec or sample business plan, you will also probably encounter and take note of the important concepts that are being tested and which many students are not aware of. With these concepts in mind, you are more likely to write a winning and practical knec business plan. Here now is the business plan knec sample.

Glamify Boutique Business Plan

Chapter One: Business Description

1.1 Background of the Owner

Stanley Brown, a 25 year old male with a longstanding passion for establishing and managing businesses, will be the sole owner of Glamify Boutique. Currently pursuing a Diploma in Business Management at XYZ University, Stanley has in the past been employed as a sales person in a mtumba (second hand clothes) business. With the three years of experience as a sales person in the mtumba business, Stanley has developed effective entrepreneurship, communication, and social skills. The education and entrepreneurship skills he has acquired from his college education will be instrumental in managing the business and evaluating its financial accounts. Together, the skills and experience from Stanley’s past employment and college education will be valuable in understanding, communicating with, and interacting with potential clients, employees, suppliers and other individuals associated with the business. Stanley’s robust educational foundation, coupled with two years of practical experience working in a boutique as a sales agent, gives him the confidence to navigate the challenges that he may encounter as an entrepreneur.

1.2 Business Name

The yet to be established business will be called Glamify Boutique. This name, which reflects the attraction the business products hopefully will earn users of the products, has been chosen to for its simplicity, uniqueness, and for its capacity to highlight the type of the business. As such, it will be easy for customers to remember the name of the business and possibly associate it with attractive, exciting, and enchanting looks.

Knec Business Plan Example

1.3 Business Location and Address

Glamify Boutique will be located in Awendo Town, Migori County, specifically within the central business district of the town. The chosen location is ideally within one of the buildings along Kisii-Migori road, in close proximity to Shivling Supermarket or within 400 meters from the town’s sole roundabout, which serves as the Arika Boda Boda Stage (Figure 1).

This location has been chosen because it is strategic in that the Kisii-Migori road is a main highway that connects multiple major town and is thus used by many people on a daily basis. Additionally, the site offers ample parking space for both potential customers and delivery vehicles, ensuring safety and security. The business will operate from a rented house. The envisioned business premise will consist of two rooms: a front room with a minimum area of 160m², overlooking Kisii-Migori highway, and a backroom, which will serve as a store, with a minimum area of 50m². The business will possess a postal address in Awendo town with the zip code 40405.

– Insert location image –

1.4 Form of Ownership

Glamify Boutique will be a sole proprietorship. It will be established, owned and managed by Stanley Brown.

1.5 Type of the Business

It is clear from the business name that Glamify Boutique will be a boutique. As such, it will focus on marketing fashionable clothing and accessories.

1.6 Product and Services

The primary focus of the business will be the retail of trendy, high-quality, brand-new clothing and accessories for boys and men. Specifically, the product range will include items such as t-shirts, trousers, shorts, sweaters, jackets, short-sleeved shirts, long-sleeved shirts, inner wear, hoodies, jumpers, suits, and footwear. Additionally, the business will offer a variety of accessories including belts, caps, socks, vests, watches, sunglasses, perfumes, backpacks, hats, wallets, turtlenecks, cuff-links, bows and ties. The products on offer at Glamify Boutique will be meticulously selected to ensure that customers achieve a smart, fashionable, and distinctive look.

1.7 Justification of the Opportunity

Awendo town, with its substantial population of residents, stands as a crucial hub serving several smaller market centres and surrounding areas. The town has a catchment area with a radius of at least 13 kilometres. Serving as the headquarters of Awendo Sub-county and housing the prominent Sony Sugar company, Awendo town has a high and constantly growing population which contributes to its thriving economy. The town attracts both residents and visitors from surrounding villages, village centres, and even from other towns. The town’s population includes government employees, business people, bank employees (Equity Bank, National Bank, Kenya Women, and Post Bank), professional workers, digital economy workers (including freelance writers and online forex traders) and employees of Sony Sugar Company. … many residents resort to online shopping or travel far away to major towns (Kisii, Migori, Kisumu, or Nairobi) to acquire high-quality, fashionable clothing for themselves or their male family members.

Pages: 1234567

An Organisation Owes 300000 Tax at 1.7.X4

Financial Statements: Revision Questions and Attempted Solutions

In business and accounting financial statements are important as they provide an overview of the organisation’s health and provide insight into the organisation’s cash flows, operations, and performance. The financial statements especially provide information on the organisation’s revenues, expenses, profits/losses, and debt. Based on this information, the business, through its managers or directors, can make financial, operational and other important decisions. The information may also help other parties including lenders, consumers, suppliers, and government agencies make decisions regarding whether and how to engage with the business. There are four main types of financial statements that are commonly used in accounting and business: cashflow statement, income statement, statement of financial position (balance sheet), and statement of retained earnings. Each of these financial statements has its purposes and complements the other statements in providing a more complete snapshot of the health of the business.

Owes £300000 Tax at 1.7.X4

Here are some revision questions relating to financial statements:

An organisation owes 300000 tax at 1.7.X4 and 450,000 at 30.6.X5. Its income statement for the year to 30.6.X5 includes a tax charge of £400,000. How much tax was actually paid in the year to 30.6.X5?
A company purchases a tangible non-current asset for 200,000. It has an estimated scrap value of 20,000 and an expected useful economic life of 10 years. What depreciation will be shown in the income statement for year 3? How would the non-current asset be shown in the statement of financial position at the end of year 3?
In case the asset is sold for 120,000 during the 4^th year, how will this affect: The income statement for year 4? The statement of financial position at the end of year 4?
What is the effect of sale of the tangible non-current asset on the company’s statement of cash flows?
Is it true that cash the lifeblood of the business?
What is the purpose of the statement of cash flows and how it supplements a statement of financial position and an income statement?
What are the controversies surrounding published statements of cash flows?

Find the attempted solutions here.

Event Study Market Model Calculator

Event Study Calculator: Market Model Calculator

Event Study Market Model Calculator Event studies find wide application in research in the fields of finance, economics and law. In finance and economics research, event studies are employed to investigate the effects of announcements of events such as changes in regulations, shocks in the macroeconomic environment, or company initiatives on stock prices or firm value. Event studies may, for example, be used to investigate the effects of board reforms, compensation, workplace safety, changes in taxation, pandemics, dividends and repurchases, equity and debt issuance, or mergers and acquisitions on stock prices. In the field of law, event studies have been used to determine damages in legal liability cases. Are you looking for event study help, market model help, event study help example, market model help example, an event study calculator or a market model calculator? If so, you have a reason to read on.

What Does an Event Study Involve?

Event studies in the field of finance and economics often involve calculating statistics such as stock or security returns, market returns, expected returns, Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs), Averaged Cumulative Abnormal Return (ACAR), Average Abnormal Returns (AAR) (alternatively called averaged abnormal returns), and Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR). Stock returns and market returns can be computed using the simple formula or with compounding (using natural log). Calculating the aforementioned characteristics or statistics can be made easier and faster with the help of an event study calculator or a market model calculator.

One of the first things you need to do when performing an event study is determine the actual returns. Here is the simple formula for calculating stock returns:

Event Study Market Model Calculator

Here is the formula for calculating stock returns with compounding:

Event Study Market Model Calculator

In event study theory, the market model among other models are applied towards determining the expected return based on the efficient market hypothesis. The other models that are commonly used to determine the expected return include the mean adjusted return model, the market adjusted returns model, the market model with Scholes-Williams beta estimation, the market model with GARCH(1, 1) and EGARCH(1, 1) error estimation, the Fama-French 3 Factor Model, and the Fama-French-Momentum 4 Factor Model. The market model, which apparently is the most commonly used model, is sometimes referred to as the Risk-Adjusted Returns Model (since it takes into account market risk), the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) market model (Fama et al., 1969), the classic market model, the usual market model, or the basic market model.

The market model suggests that the return on stock i at time t is solely influenced by the market return at time t. When using the market model, expected returns are predicted through an OLS regression analysis that regresses stock returns on market returns (usually returns on a market index) over a predetermined estimation window. The relationship between the stock and the reference or benchmark index that has been used in the analysis is described by two parameters derived from the regression analysis: alpha (α) and beta (β). Alpha and beta are computed using data relating to the estimation period.

The expected return, E(R_it|Xt), is predicted using the model:

𝑬(𝑹_𝒊𝒕|_𝑿𝒕 ) = 𝜶_𝒊 + 𝜷_𝒊(𝑹_𝒎𝒕) +𝜺𝒊_𝒕

Where α and β are constants in the OLS regression model for i stock,

R_mt is the rate of return on the reference index (such as the FTSE 100, FTSE 250, FTSE All-Share, NYSE Composite (DJ), NYSE U.S. 100) on day t,

ε_itis the error term.

Event Study Help

When performing an event study that applies the market model, you will most likely need to compute stock returns or securities returns, expected returns (ERs), abnormal returns (ARs), Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs), Averaged Cumulative Abnormal Return (ACAR), Average Abnormal Returns (AAR) (alternatively called averaged abnormal returns), and Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR). Additionally, you will likely need to determine descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, medians, modes, minimums, and maximums relating to different characteristics (such as abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns).

Computing these statistics can be tedious, time consuming, and confusing especially when several firms/securities and long time periods are involved. However, an event study calculator or market model calculator makes computing these statistics easy, fast, and accurate. You can rely on an an event study market model calculator to compute expected returns, abnormal returns, cumulative abnormal returns and other event study statistics effortlessly, fast, and reliably. Such a calculator can provide you with invaluable event study help.

A number of event study market model calculators or market model calculators, which are spreadsheet or excel files, have been developed to provide event study help and market model help to cater to different study situations. The event study market model calculators can be used to compute the different statistics for one or several companies/securities/stocks over several time periods (days/weeks/ months) at a time. These tools perform several functions and can thus provide you with invaluable event study help, market model help, and expected return help. The different market model calculators are designed to be:

Market model calculator
Market model excel calculator
Event study calculator
Event study excel calculator
Stock returns calculator
Benchmark market returns calculator
Market model alpha and beta calculator
Expected returns calculator
Abnormal returns calculator
Cumulative abnormal returns calculator
Averaged cumulative abnormal returns calculator
Average abnormal returns calculator (Averaged abnormal returns calculator)
Cumulative average abnormal return calculator

Specifically, the tools compute the following statistics:

Stock returns
Benchmark/reference/market returns
alpha and beta coefficients
Expected returns
Abnormal returns
Cumulative abnormal returns
Averaged cumulative abnormal returns
Average abnormal returns
Cumulative average abnormal return
Descriptive statistics such as standard deviations, medians, modes, minimums, maximums, and percentage of positive abnormal returns.

Market Model Help: Market Model Calculators

In case you are looking for market model help, here are four event study market model calculators worth considering for use in your event study and that are sure to make your work easier. Each of the calculators comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example or market model help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V1.1A – This tool can be used with specific event period-estimation window combinations. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 30. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30], Maximum estimation period: 20 to 49 (depending on when the event period starts). This event study market model calculator computes returns using the simple formula (not using natural log). This calculator comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V1.1B – This tool can be used with specific event period-estimation window combinations. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 30. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30], Maximum Estimation period: 20 to 49 (depending on when the event period starts). Stock and market returns are calculated using natural log (compounded returns). This tool is similar to version V1.1A except for the formula used to compute returns. This tool comes with test data that can serve as a market model help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V2.1A – This tool accommodates a wide combination of estimation periods and event periods . Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 100. Maximum event period: 61 [-30, +30]. Maximum estimation period: 320 to 349 (depending on when the event period starts). Returns are calculated using the simple formula. This calculator comes with test data that can serve as an event study help example.

Event Study Market Model Calculator – V2.1B – This tool accommodates a wide combination of estimation periods and event periods. Maximum stocks/companies/securities: 100. Maximum event period: 61 [-30,+30]. Maximum estimation period: 320 to 349 (depending on when the event period starts). This tool is similar to V2.1A, the only difference being that returns are calculated with compounding (using natural log (LN). This tool comes with test data that can serve as a market model help example. Having difficulty deciding which calculator to go for? You probably want to go with this calculator since it offers great flexibility and takes returns compounding into account.

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour

Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Here is a preview of the paper on Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments.

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour

1.0 Introduction

Anthropogenic activities are recognized as a significant contributor to the build-up of heavy metals, such as lead and copper in urban areas and marine settings, posing health risks to people’s lives and the lives or marine organisms (Yan et al., 2018; Briffa et al., 2020). Exposure of humans or marine organisms to these pollutants can result illness, poor health, or even death (Briffa et al., 2020). Lead, a well-known poison for centuries, is a subject of global public health regulations and is linked to miscarriages, brain damage, kidney damage, cancers, and even death in humans (Tchounwou, et al. 2012; WHO, 2024). Although naturally present in soils at low concentrations, studies indicate a gradual increase in environmental lead concentrations due to human activities (WHO, 2024). Copper, essential for enzymatic activity at low concentrations, acts as an enzyme inhibitor at higher levels, causing diarrhoea, vomiting, and liver disease in humans (Tchounwou, et al. 2012; Ashish et al., 2013).

Harbours, due to shipping activities, often experience severe marine pollution (Onwuegbuchunam et al., 2017; Zhang, 2020; Shahzad, 2023), leading to a rapid decline in water and sediment quality, impacting fish and marine life significantly. Unlike some pollutants, heavy metals cannot undergo biodegradation and may accumulate in sediments to toxic levels over time (Tchounwou, et al. 2012). According to the Marine Management Organisation (2015), marine sediment concentrations below 50mg/kg (dry weight) for lead and below 40mg/kg for copper fall under Action Level 1 (AL1), indicating safe levels (Appendix 1).

Situated in Aberdeen City, Aberdeen Harbour, is recognized as one of the oldest and busiest ports in the United Kingdom (Ship Technology, 2018). Handling approximately 8,000 vessels annually, the harbour contributes over £1.5 billion to the national economy by managing nearly five million tonnes of cargo (Ship Technology, 2018). The cargo, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, oil, and liquefied gas, poses a potential risk of pollution. Additionally, other sources of heavy metals entering the harbour include construction, domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities, as well as chemicals and wastes. Continue Reading (Alternative 2) …

Here are some words that can be used to describe the paper:

Aberdeen harbour baseline study example
Aberdeen harbour sediments study
Aberdeen Harbour Baseline Survey
Aberdeen Harbour Baseline Survey for Environmental Status
Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour Sediments
Copper Lead Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Sample data

Copper and Lead Levels in Aberdeen Harbour Sediments

Question/Prompt/Instructions can be found here … or here …